Space Mission
Viking 1, 21 July 1976
Photographer
Taken by a camera on board the robotic Viking 1 spacecraft
Photo Description
Vintage chromogenic print on resin coated Kodak paper, 20.3 x 25.4cm (8 x 10in), with NASA HQ caption numbered “Viking 1-54” and “This paper manufactured by Kodak” watermarks on the verso
20.3 x 25.4cm (8 x 10in)
Essay
Launched on August 20, 1975, Viking 1 became the first unmanned spacecraft to land successfully on Mars eleven months later on July 20, 1976.
[NASA caption]
This color picture of Mars was taken July 21 _ the day following Viking 1’s successful landing on the planet. The local Time on Mars is approximately noon. The view is southeast from the Viking.
Orange-red surface materials cover most of the surface, apparently forming a thin veneer over darker bedrock exposed in patches, as in the lower right. The reddish surface materials may be limonite (hydrated ferric oxide). Such weathering products form on Earth in presence of water and an oxidizing temperature atmosphere.
The sky has a reddish cast, probably due to scattering and reflection from reddish sediment suspended in the lower atmosphere . The scene was scanned three times by the spacecraft’s camera 2, through a different color filter each time. To assist in balancing the colors, a second picture was taken of a test chart mounted on the rear of the spacecraft. Color data for the patches were adjusted until the patches were an appropriate color of gray. The same calibration was then used for the entire scene. Another version of this photo (Viking 1-46) with a sky that appeared more pink, gray and blue was shown last week. This interpretation has been modified with further processing.
“Apollo had a reason. It taught us how to go into space and set up our first outpost. Now we go set it up. Now we go to Mars.”
David Scott (Chaikin, Voices, p. 192)